ReadConclusionWhat Connected the Medieval Indian Ocean?WhenEarly ModernWhereArabian PeninsulaWinds, knowledge, ports, institutions and households sustained a network that connected societies without making them equal or identical.TopicsEveryday LifeTrade
ReadConflictPortuguese Power Meets an Ocean Already ConnectedWhenEarly ModernWhereEast AfricaFrom Calicut in 1498 to Goa in 1510, Portuguese power expanded through knowledge, alliances and violence while remaining uneven across the ocean.TopicsPoliticsTrade
ReadPortraitIbn Battuta: A Traveller and the Limits of His AccountWhenMedievalWhereEast AfricaIbn Battuta encountered courts, ports and religious communities. The making of the Rihla helps explain both its remarkable reach and its limits.TopicsPoliticsReligion
ReadComparisonKilwa and Calicut: Two Ports, Different WorldsWhenMedievalWhereEast AfricaCompare goods, authority, visitors and evidence at two ports whose shared maritime connections did not erase their different local worlds.TopicsPoliticsReligion
